import 'dart:ffi';
import 'dart:typed_data';

import 'package:ffi/ffi.dart';
import 'package:objective_c/objective_c.dart';
import 'package:platform_image_converter/src/darwin/bindings.g.dart';
import 'package:platform_image_converter/src/darwin/orientation_bindings.dart';
import 'package:platform_image_converter/src/image_conversion_exception.dart';
import 'package:platform_image_converter/src/image_converter_platform_interface.dart';
import 'package:platform_image_converter/src/output_format.dart';
import 'package:platform_image_converter/src/output_resize.dart';

/// iOS/macOS image converter using ImageIO framework.
///
/// Implements image conversion for iOS 14+ and macOS 10.15+ platforms using
/// the native ImageIO framework through FFI bindings.
///
/// **Features:**
/// - Supports all major image formats (JPEG, PNG, HEIC, WebP, etc.)
/// - Uses CoreFoundation and CoreGraphics for efficient processing
/// - Memory-safe with proper resource cleanup
/// - Applies EXIF orientation correction: bakes rotation/flip into pixels so
///   output images display upright regardless of EXIF tag presence.
///
/// **API Stack:**
/// - `CGImageSourceCreateWithData`: Decode input image
/// - `CGImageSourceCopyPropertiesAtIndex`: Read EXIF orientation tag
/// - `CGImageSourceCreateThumbnailAtIndex`: Create orientation-corrected image
/// - `CGBitmapContextCreate`: Create a canvas for resizing
/// - `CGContextDrawImage`: Draw and scale the image
/// - `CGBitmapContextCreateImage`: Extract resized CGImage
/// - `CGImageDestinationCreateWithData`: Create output stream
/// - `CGImageDestinationAddImage`: Add image with encoding options
/// - `CGImageDestinationFinalize`: Complete encoding
///
/// **Performance:**
/// - Direct FFI calls with minimal overhead
/// - In-memory processing
/// - Adjustable JPEG/WebP quality for size optimization
final class ImageConverterDarwin implements ImageConverterPlatform {
  const ImageConverterDarwin();

  @override
  Uint8List convert({
    required Uint8List inputData,
    OutputFormat format = OutputFormat.jpeg,
    int quality = 100,
    ResizeMode resizeMode = const OriginalResizeMode(),
  }) {
    Pointer<Uint8>? inputPtr;
    CFDataRef? cfData;
    CGImageSourceRef? imageSource;
    CGImageRef? originalImage;
    // Orientation-corrected image (owned, non-null only when correction applied).
    CGImageRef? orientedImage;
    CGImageRef? imageToEncode;
    CFMutableDataRef? outputData;
    CGImageDestinationRef? destination;
    CFDictionaryRef? properties;
    try {
      inputPtr = calloc<Uint8>(inputData.length);
      inputPtr.asTypedList(inputData.length).setAll(0, inputData);

      cfData = CFDataCreate(
        kCFAllocatorDefault,
        inputPtr.cast(),
        inputData.length,
      );
      if (cfData == nullptr) {
        throw const ImageConversionException(
          'Failed to create CFData from input data.',
        );
      }

      imageSource = CGImageSourceCreateWithData(cfData, nullptr);
      if (imageSource == nullptr) {
        throw const ImageDecodingException('Invalid image data.');
      }

      originalImage = CGImageSourceCreateImageAtIndex(imageSource, 0, nullptr);
      if (originalImage == nullptr) {
        throw const ImageDecodingException();
      }

      // CGImageSourceCreateImageAtIndex returns raw sensor pixels without
      // applying the EXIF Orientation tag. iPhone photos captured in portrait
      // are stored with orientation=6 (Right/90° CW), causing the decoded
      // pixels to appear rotated. We correct this by reading the orientation
      // and, when it is not Up (1), using CGImageSourceCreateThumbnailAtIndex
      // with kCGImageSourceCreateThumbnailWithTransform=true, which bakes the
      // rotation/flip into the pixel data before we encode.
      final sourceOrientation = _readOrientationFromSource(imageSource);
      if (sourceOrientation != 1) {
        final srcW = CGImageGetWidth(originalImage);
        final srcH = CGImageGetHeight(originalImage);
        final maxEdge = srcW > srcH ? srcW : srcH;
        orientedImage = _createOrientedImage(imageSource, maxEdge);
      }

      // Use the orientation-corrected image as the base for all further ops.
      final baseImage = orientedImage ?? originalImage;

      final originalWidth = CGImageGetWidth(baseImage);
      final originalHeight = CGImageGetHeight(baseImage);
      final (newWidth, newHeight) = resizeMode.calculateSize(
        originalWidth,
        originalHeight,
      );

      if (newWidth == originalWidth && newHeight == originalHeight) {
        imageToEncode = baseImage;
      } else {
        imageToEncode = _resizeImage(baseImage, newWidth, newHeight);
      }

      if (imageToEncode == nullptr) {
        throw const ImageConversionException(
          'Failed to prepare image for encoding. Resizing may have failed.',
        );
      }

      outputData = CFDataCreateMutable(kCFAllocatorDefault, 0);
      if (outputData == nullptr) {
        throw ImageEncodingException(format, 'Failed to create output CFData.');
      }

      final utiStr = switch (format) {
        // https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uniformtypeidentifiers/uttypejpeg
        OutputFormat.jpeg => 'public.jpeg',
        // https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uniformtypeidentifiers/uttypepng
        OutputFormat.png => 'public.png',
        // https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uniformtypeidentifiers/uttypeheic
        OutputFormat.heic => 'public.heic',
        // https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uniformtypeidentifiers/uttypewebp
        OutputFormat.webp => throw UnsupportedError(
          'WebP output format is not supported on iOS/macOS via ImageIO.',
        ),
      };
      final cfString = utiStr
          .toNSString()
          .ref
          .retainAndAutorelease()
          .cast<CFString>();

      destination = CGImageDestinationCreateWithData(
        outputData,
        cfString,
        1,
        nullptr,
      );
      if (destination == nullptr) {
        throw ImageEncodingException(
          format,
          'Failed to create CGImageDestination.',
        );
      }

      properties = _createPropertiesForFormat(format, quality);
      CGImageDestinationAddImage(
        destination,
        imageToEncode,
        properties ?? nullptr,
      );

      final success = CGImageDestinationFinalize(destination);
      if (!success) {
        throw ImageEncodingException(
          format,
          'Failed to finalize image encoding.',
        );
      }

      final length = CFDataGetLength(outputData);
      final bytePtr = CFDataGetBytePtr(outputData);
      if (bytePtr == nullptr) {
        throw ImageEncodingException(
          format,
          'Failed to get output data bytes.',
        );
      }

      return Uint8List.fromList(bytePtr.cast<Uint8>().asTypedList(length));
    } finally {
      if (inputPtr != null) calloc.free(inputPtr);
      if (cfData != null) CFRelease(cfData.cast());
      if (imageSource != null) CFRelease(imageSource.cast());
      // Release imageToEncode only if it is a distinct CGImage (i.e. came from
      // _resizeImage). Do not double-release if it was aliased to baseImage.
      if (imageToEncode != null &&
          imageToEncode != orientedImage &&
          imageToEncode != originalImage) {
        CFRelease(imageToEncode.cast());
      }
      // orientedImage is an independent retained CGImageRef created by
      // _createOrientedImage; release it after imageToEncode.
      if (orientedImage != null) CFRelease(orientedImage.cast());
      if (originalImage != null) CFRelease(originalImage.cast());
      if (outputData != null) CFRelease(outputData.cast());
      if (destination != null) CFRelease(destination.cast());
      if (properties != null) CFRelease(properties.cast());
    }
  }

  CFDictionaryRef? _createPropertiesForFormat(
    OutputFormat format,
    int quality,
  ) {
    if (format == OutputFormat.png || format == OutputFormat.webp) {
      return null;
    }

    return using((arena) {
      final keys = arena<Pointer<CFString>>(1);
      final values = arena<Pointer<Void>>(1);

      keys[0] = kCGImageDestinationLossyCompressionQuality;
      values[0] = (quality / 100.0)
          .toNSNumber()
          .ref
          .retainAndAutorelease()
          .cast<Void>();

      final keyCallBacks = arena<CFDictionaryKeyCallBacks>();
      final valueCallBacks = arena<CFDictionaryValueCallBacks>();
      return CFDictionaryCreate(
        kCFAllocatorDefault,
        keys.cast(),
        values.cast(),
        1,
        keyCallBacks,
        valueCallBacks,
      );
    });
  }

  CGImageRef _resizeImage(CGImageRef originalImage, int width, int height) {
    CGContextRef? context;
    try {
      final colorSpace = CGImageGetColorSpace(originalImage);
      if (colorSpace == nullptr) {
        throw const ImageConversionException(
          'Failed to get color space from image for resizing.',
        );
      }

      // FIX: Always use 8 bits/component for the output bitmap context.
      // The source may be 16bpc (e.g. 16-bit PNGs), which CGBitmapContextCreate
      // rejects for certain alpha/byte-order combinations, returning NULL.
      // Since the output is always 8-bit (JPEG/PNG for display), 8bpc is correct.
      const bitsPerComponent = 8;

      // We cannot reuse the source image's bitmapInfo because it may contain
      // 16-bit byte-order flags (e.g. kCGImageByteOrder16Little = 0x1000)
      // that are incompatible with 8bpc, causing CGBitmapContextCreate to fail.
      const bitmapInfo = 1; // kCGImageAlphaPremultipliedLast

      context = CGBitmapContextCreate(
        nullptr,
        width,
        height,
        bitsPerComponent,
        0, // bytesPerRow (0 means calculate automatically)
        colorSpace,
        bitmapInfo,
      );
      if (context == nullptr) {
        throw const ImageConversionException(
          'Failed to create bitmap context for resizing.',
        );
      }

      CGContextSetInterpolationQuality(
        context,
        CGInterpolationQuality.kCGInterpolationHigh,
      );

      final rect = Struct.create<CGRect>()
        ..origin.x = 0
        ..origin.y = 0
        ..size.width = width.toDouble()
        ..size.height = height.toDouble();

      CGContextDrawImage(context, rect, originalImage);

      final resizedImage = CGBitmapContextCreateImage(context);
      if (resizedImage == nullptr) {
        throw const ImageConversionException(
          'Failed to create resized image from context.',
        );
      }
      return resizedImage;
    } finally {
      // FIX: Check both Dart null AND FFI nullptr before releasing.
      // CFRelease(NULL) is a fatal error in CoreFoundation (brk #0x1).
      // The Dart variable `context` is non-null once assigned, but the
      // native pointer may be nullptr if CGBitmapContextCreate failed.
      if (context != null && context != nullptr) {
        CFRelease(context.cast());
      }
    }
  }

  /// Reads the EXIF/CGImage orientation tag from the first image in [src].
  ///
  /// Orientation values match CGImagePropertyOrientation:
  /// - 1 (Up) = normal, no correction needed
  /// - 6 (Right) = 90° CW — most common for portrait iPhone photos
  /// - 3 (Down) = 180°
  /// - 8 (Left) = 90° CCW
  ///
  /// Returns 1 if the tag is absent, unreadable, or the image is already upright.
  int _readOrientationFromSource(CGImageSourceRef src) {
    CFDictionaryRef? props;
    try {
      props = CGImageSourceCopyPropertiesAtIndex(src, 0, nullptr);
      if (props == nullptr) return 1;
      final orientRef = CFDictionaryGetValue(
        props,
        kCGImagePropertyOrientation.cast(),
      );
      if (orientRef == nullptr) return 1;
      return using((arena) {
        final intPtr = arena<Int32>();
        // kCFNumberInt32Type = 9
        final ok = CFNumberGetValue(orientRef, 9, intPtr.cast());
        return ok ? intPtr.value : 1;
      });
    } finally {
      if (props != null && props != nullptr) CFRelease(props.cast());
    }
  }

  /// Creates a new CGImageRef with EXIF orientation baked into pixel data.
  ///
  /// Uses [CGImageSourceCreateThumbnailAtIndex] with
  /// `kCGImageSourceCreateThumbnailWithTransform = true`, which instructs
  /// ImageIO to apply the EXIF rotation/flip before returning the image.
  /// [maxPixelSize] should be the longest edge of the source image so the
  /// returned image is full resolution (or at least as large as the source).
  ///
  /// Returns a retained [CGImageRef] that the caller must [CFRelease],
  /// or `null` if the thumbnail could not be created.
  CGImageRef? _createOrientedImage(CGImageSourceRef src, int maxPixelSize) {
    return using((arena) {
      final keys = arena<Pointer<Void>>(3);
      final values = arena<Pointer<Void>>(3);

      // kCGImageSourceCreateThumbnailFromImageAlways = kCFBooleanTrue
      // MUST use "Always" not "IfAbsent": iPhone HEIC files embed a tiny
      // ~240x320 JPEG thumbnail. "IfAbsent" returns that embedded thumbnail
      // instead of decoding the full image, giving very low-resolution output.
      keys[0] = kCGImageSourceCreateThumbnailFromImageAlways.cast();
      values[0] = 1.toNSNumber().ref.retainAndAutorelease().cast();

      // kCGImageSourceCreateThumbnailWithTransform = kCFBooleanTrue
      // This is the key that bakes the EXIF rotation into pixel data.
      keys[1] = kCGImageSourceCreateThumbnailWithTransform.cast();
      values[1] = 1.toNSNumber().ref.retainAndAutorelease().cast();

      // kCGImageSourceThumbnailMaxPixelSize = longest source edge
      // Setting this to the source's longest edge returns full resolution.
      keys[2] = kCGImageSourceThumbnailMaxPixelSize.cast();
      values[2] = maxPixelSize.toNSNumber().ref.retainAndAutorelease().cast();

      final keyCallbacks = arena<CFDictionaryKeyCallBacks>();
      final valueCallbacks = arena<CFDictionaryValueCallBacks>();
      final opts = CFDictionaryCreate(
        kCFAllocatorDefault,
        keys.cast(),
        values.cast(),
        3,
        keyCallbacks,
        valueCallbacks,
      );
      if (opts == nullptr) return null;

      try {
        final thumb = CGImageSourceCreateThumbnailAtIndex(src, 0, opts);
        return (thumb == nullptr) ? null : thumb;
      } finally {
        CFRelease(opts.cast());
      }
    });
  }
}